My primary research focus is the role of stress and early trauma in the etiology and ongoing pathology of major depression in adolescence and adulthood. My current work focuses on neurohormonal, social cognitive, and motivational/reward factors that increase the sensitivity to, and generation of, stress in major depression.
Selected Publications
Mazurka, R., Harkness, K. L., Hassel, S., Stensson, N., Nogovitsyn, N., Poppenk, J.,… & Mayo, L. (2024). Endocannabinoid Concentrations in Major Depression: Effects of Childhood Maltreatment and Relation to Hippocampal Volume. Translational Psychiatry, 14(1). DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-03151-z
Hudson, C., Sabbagh, M. A., & Harkness, K. L. (2024). How theory of mind skills lead to positive first impressions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 153, 1489-1499. DOI: 10.1037/xge0001573
Min, S., Mazurka, R., Pizzagalli, D. A., Whitton, A. E., Milev, R. V., Bagby, R. M., Kennedy, S. H., & Harkness, K. L. (2024). Stressful Life Events and Reward Processing in Adults: Moderation by Depression and Anhedonia. Depression and Anxiety, 2024, 8853631. DOI:
Mazurka, R., Cunningham, S., Hassel, S., Foster, J., …., & Harkness, K. L. (2024). Relation of Hippocampal Volume and Glucocorticoid-Related Gene Expression to Treatment Remission in Major Depression is Moderated by Childhood Maltreatment: A CAN-BIND Report. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 78, 71-80. DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2023.12.003
Gallagher, A., Washburn, D., Jacobson, J., & Harkness, K. L. (2024). Negative Feedback-Seeking in Depression: The Moderating Roles of Rumination and Interpersonal Life Stress. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 80, 471-489. DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23624
Rowe, J., Poppenk, J., Squires, S., Mazurka, R., Nogovitsyn, N., Hassel, S.,…. Harkness, K. L. (2023). Anxious Arousal Predicts Within-Person Changes in Hippocampal Volume in Adults with a History of Childhood Maltreatment: A CAN-BIND-4 Report. Journal of Psychopathology and Clinical Science, 132(7), 797–807. DOI: 10.1037/abn0000864 (Special section)
Monroe, S. M., & Harkness, K. L. (2023). Why recurrent depression should be reconceptualized and redefined. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 32, 204-211. DOI: (invited)
Harkness, K. L., Charkrabarty, T., Rizvi, S., *Mazurka, R., Quilty, L.,… & Lam, R. (2023). The differential relation of emotional, physical, and sexual abuse histories to antidepressant treatment remission and persistence of anhedonia in major depression: A CAN-BIND-1 Report. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 62, 586-595. DOI: 10.1177/07067437231156255
Rowe, J., Chananna, J., Cunningham, S., & Harkness, K. L. (2023). Sexual, Physical, and Emotional Maltreatment in Childhood Are Differentially Associated with Sexual and Physical Revictimization in Adulthood. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 38, 3806-3830. DOI: 10.1177/08862605221111411
Monroe, S. M., & Harkness, K. L. (2022). Major depression and its recurrences: Life course matters. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 18, 329-357. DOI: annurev-clinpsy-072220-021440 (invited)
Hicks, O., McInerney, S., Lam, R. W., Milev, R., Frey, B., Soares, C.,… & Harkness, K. L. (2022). Acute and Chronic Stress Predict Anti-Depressant Treatment Outcome and Naturalistic Course of Major Depression: A CAN-BIND Report. Journal of Affective Disorders, 313, 8-14. DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.06.058
Zheng, S., Stewart, J. S., Bagby, R. M., & Harkness, K. L. (2022). Specific Early Maladaptive Schemas Differentially Mediate the Relations of Emotional and Sexual Maltreatment to Recent Life Events in Youth with Depression. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 29, 1020-1033. DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2681
Mangardich, H., Tollefson, N., Harkness, K. L., & Sabbagh, M. A. (2022). Neural processes involved in theory of mind reasoning in dysphoric and non-dysphoric adults. Social Neuroscience, 22, 73-85. DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2021.2005678
Cunningham, S., Mazurka, R., Wynne-Edwards, K. E., Milev, R. V., Pizzagalli, D. A., Kennedy, S., & Harkness, K. L. (2021). Cortisol Reactivity to Stress Predicts Behavioral Responsivity to Reward: Moderation by Sex, Depression, and Anhedonia. Journal of Affective Disorders, 293, 1-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.05.126
Vallati, M., Stewart, J. G., Larocque, C., Mazurka, R., Milev, R., Bagby, R. M., Kennedy, S., & Harkness, K. L. (2020). Childhood maltreatment and the clinical characteristics of major depressive disorder in adolescence and adulthood. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 129, 469-479. DOI: 10.1037/abn0000521
Monroe, S. M., Anderson, S. F., & Harkness, K. L. (2019). Life Stress and Major Depression: The Mysteries of Recurrences. Psychological Review, 126, 791-816.
Cunningham, S., Goff, C., Bagby, R. M., Stewart, J. G., Larocque, C., Mazurka, R., Ravindran, A., & Harkness, K. L. (2019). Maternal- versus Paternal-Perpetrated Maltreatment and Risk for Sexual and Peer Bullying Revictimization in Young Women with Depression. Child Abuse and Neglect, 89, 111-121.
Hudson, C. C., Shamblaw, A., Wilson, G. A., Roes, M. M., Sabbagh, M.A., & Harkness, K. L. (2018). Theory of mind, excessive reassurance-seeking and stress generation in depression: A social-cognitive integration. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 37, 725-750.
Rnic, K., Sabbagh, M. A., Washburn, D., Bagby, R. M., Ravindran, A., Kennedy, J. L.,… & Harkness, K. L. (2018). Childhood neglect and physical abuse are associated with theory of mind decoding accuracy in young adults with depression. Psychiatry Research, 286, 501-507.
Mazurka, R., Wynne-Edwards, K. E., & Harkness, K. L. (2018). Sex Differences in the Cortisol Response to the Trier Social Stress Test in Depressed and Non-depressed Adolescents. Clinical Psychological Science, 6, 301-314.
Name Pronunciation Guide: "Tom Hall-en-stEYEn [rhymes with Frankenstein]"
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Research Interests
My broad research agenda is to examine socioemotional development - particularly in adolescence - from dynamic systems (DS) and developmental psychopathology perspectives. Specifically, my research focuses on the regulation of emotion, particularly shame and anxiety, as evidenced by changes in self-reported feelings, autonomic psychophysiology, and behavioural expressions. To pursue this agenda, I am interested in developing and applying methods that are best suited for the analysis of processes of change. I also develop and distribute software for state space grids, a technique used often in my research (). See the page for details of current projects and .
Selected Publications
page
Books:
Cole, P. M. C. & Hollenstein, T. (Eds.). (2018). The Development of Emotion Regulation: A Matter of Time. New York: Routledge.
Hollenstein, T. (2013). State Space Grids. New York: Springer.
Journal Articles:
Hollenstein, T., Colasante, T., & Lougheed, J. (2021). Adolescent and Maternal Anxiety Symptoms Decreased but Depressive Symptoms Increased before to during COVID-19 Lockdown. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 31, 517 – 530. doi: 10.1111/jora.12663
Tsui, T., De France, K., Khalid-Khan, S., Granic, I., & Hollenstein, T. (2021). Reductions of anxiety symptoms, state anxiety, and anxious arousal in youth playing the video game MindLight. Games for Health, 10, 330 – 338. doi: 10.1089/g4h.2020.0083.
Colasante, T., Lin, L., De France, K., & Hollenstein, T. (2020, September 24). Any Time and Place? Digital Emotional Support for Digital Natives. American Psychologist. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1037/amp0000708
Hollenstein, T. & Colasante, T. (2020). Socioemotional Development in the Digital Age. Psychological Inquiry, 31, 250 - 257. doi: 10.1080/1047840X.2020.1820224
Lougheed, J. P., Brinberg, M., Ram, N. & Hollenstein, T. (2020). Emotion Socialization as a Dynamic Process across Emotion Contexts, Developmental Psychology, 56, 553 - 565.
De France, K. & Hollenstein, T. (2019). Emotion Regulation and Relations to Well-being across the Lifespan. Developmental Psychology, 55, 1768 – 1774. doi: 10.1037/dev0000744
Irwin, A., Li, J., Craig, W. M., & Hollenstein, T. (2019a). The role of shame in chronic peer victimization. School Psychology Quarterly, 34, 178-186. doi: 10.1037/spq0000280
Irwin, A., Li, J., Craig, W. M., & Hollenstein, T. (2019b). The role of shame in the relation between peer victimization and mental health outcomes. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 34, 156 - 181. doi: 10.1177/0886260516672937
Lambe, L., Craig, W., & Hollenstein, T. (2019). Blunted physiological stress reactivity among youth with a history of bullying and victimization: Links to depressive symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 41, 1981-1993.
Yang, X., Ram, N., Lougheed, J. P., Molenaar, P., & Hollenstein, T. (2019). Adolescents’ Emotion System Dynamics: Network-based Analysis of Physiological and Emotional Experience. Developmental Psychology, 55, 1982 - 1993.
Lougheed, J. P., Hollenstein, T. (2018). Arousal transmission and attenuation in mother-daughter dyads in adolescence. Social Development, 27, 19 - 33. doi: 10.1111/sode.12250
DeFrance, K. & Hollenstein, T. (2017). Assessing emotion regulation repertoires: The Regulation of Emotion Systems Survey. Personality and Individual Differences, 119, 204 - 215.
De France, K., Lanteigne, D., Glozman, J., & Hollenstein, T. (2017). A new measure of the expression of shame: The shame code. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26, 769-780. doi: 10.1007/s10826-016-0589-0
Hollenstein, T., Tighe, A., & Lougheed, J. P. (2017). Emotional development in the context of mother-child relationships. Current Opinion in Psychology, 17, 140-144. doi: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.07.010
Haines, S., Gleeson, J., Kuppens, P., Hollenstein, T., Ciarrochi, J., Labuschagne, I., Grace, C., & Koval, P. (2016). The wisdom to know the difference: Emotion regulation strategy-situation fit in daily life is associated with well-being. Psychological Science, 27, 1651–1659. doi: 10.1177/0956797616669086
Hollenstein, T., Allen, N. B., & Sheeber, L. (2016). Affective patterns in triadic family interactions: Associations with adolescent depression. Development and Psychopathology, 28, 85 - 96
Lougheed, J. P., Craig, W. M., Pepler, D., Connolly, J., O’Hara, A., Granic, I., & Hollenstein, T. (2016). Maternal and peer regulation of adolescent emotion: Associations with depression symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 44, 963-974.
Lougheed, J. P., & Hollenstein, T. (2016). Socioemotional flexibility in mother-daughter dyads: Riding the emotional rollercoaster across positive and negative contexts. Emotion, 16, 620 - 633.
Lougheed, J., Hollenstein, T., & Lewis, M. D. (2016). Maternal Regulation of Daughters’ Emotion during Conflicts from Early to Mid-Adolescence. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 26, 610 - 616.
Lougheed, J., Koval, P., & Hollenstein, T. (2016). Sharing the burden: The interpersonal regulation of emotional arousal in mother-daughter dyads. Emotion, 16, 83-93.
Lunkenheimer, E., Lichtwarck-Aschoff, A., Hollenstein, T., Granic, I., & Kemp, C. J. (in press). Breaking down the coercive cycle: How parent and child risk factors influence real-time variability in parental responses to child misbehavior. Parenting: Science and Practice, 16, 237 - 256.
Hollenstein, T. (2015). This time, it’s real: Affective flexibility, time scales, feedback loops, and the regulation of emotion. Emotion Review, 7, 308 – 315.
Koval, P., Butler, E., Hollenstein, T. Lanteigne, D., & Kuppens, P. (2015). Emotion regulation and the temporal dynamics of emotions: Effects of cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression on emotional inertia. Cognition and Emotion, 29, 831-851.
Lougheed, J., Hollenstein, T., Lichtwarck-Aschoff, A., & Granic, I. (2015). Maternal Regulation of Child Affect in Externalizing and Typically-Developing Children. Journal of Family Psychology, 29, 10 - 19.
Ramezani, M., Abolmaesumi, P., Tahmasebi, A., Bosma, R., Tong, R., Hollenstein, T., Harkness, K., & Johnsrude, I. (2015). Fusion Analysis of First Episode Depression: Where Brain Shape Deformations Meet Local Composition of Tissue. Neuroimage: Clinical, 7, 114 - 121.
Tomicic, A., Martinez, C., Perez, J. C., Hollenstein, T., Angulo, S., Gertsmann, A., Barroux, I. & Krause, M. (2015). Discourse-voice regulatory strategies in the psychotherapeutic interaction: A state-space dynamics analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 6:378, 1 - 17.
van der Giessen, D., Hollenstein, T., Hale, W. W., Koot, H. M., Meeus, W., & Branje, S. (2015). Emotional Variability in Mother-Adolescent Conflict Interactions and Internalizing Problems of Mothers and Adolescents: Dyadic and Individual Processes. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 43, 339 - 353.
Butler, E. A., Hollenstein, T., Shoham, V., & Rohrbaugh, N. (2014). A dynamic state-space analysis of interpersonal emotion regulation in couples who smoke. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 31, 907 – 927.
Eastabrook, J., Flynn, J. J., & Hollenstein, T. (2014). Internalizing symptoms in female adolescents: Associations with emotional awareness and emotion regulation. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23, 487 - 496.
Hollenstein, T. & Lanteigne, D. (2014). Models and methods of emotional concordance. Biological ​Psychology, 98, 1 - 5.
Lanteigne, D., Flynn, J. J., Eastabrook, J., & Hollenstein, T. (2014). Discordant patterns among emotional experience, arousal, and expression in adolescence: Relations with emotion regulation and internalizing problems. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 46, 29 - 39.
Ramezani, M., Johnsrude, I., Rasoulian, A., Bosma, R., Tong, R., Hollenstein, T., Harkness, K., & Abolmaesumi, P. (2014), Temporal-lobe morphology differs between healthy adolescents and those with early-onset of depression. Neuroimage: Clinical, 6, 145 - 155.
Turnnidge, J., Cote, J., Hollenstein, T., & Deakin, J. (2014). A direct observation of the dynamic content and structure of coach-athlete interactions in a model sport program, Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 26, 225 – 240.
Eastabrook, J., Lanteigne, D., & Hollenstein, T. (2013). Decoupling between physiological, self-reported, and expressed emotional responses in alexithymia. Personality and Individual Differences, 55, 978 – 982.
Hollenstein, T. & Lougheed, J. P. (2013). Beyond Storm and Stress: Typicality, Transactions, Timing,and Temperament to Account for Adolescent Change. American Psychologist, 68,444-454.
Hollenstein, T.,Lichtwarck-Aschoff, A., & Potworowski, G. (2013). A model of socioemotional flexibility at three time scales. Emotion Review, 5,397 - 405.
Hollenstein, T. (2013). State Space Grids: Depicting Dynamics Across Development. New York: Springer.
Sravish, A. V., Tronick, E., Hollenstein, T. , & Beeghly, M. (2013). Dyadic flexibility during the face-to- face still-face paradigm: A dynamic systems analysis of its temporal organization. Infant Behavior and Development, 36, 432 - 437 .
Hollenstein, T.,McNeely, A., Eastabrook, J., Mackey, A., & Flynn, J.J. (2012). Sympathetic and parasympathetic responses to social stress across adolescence. Developmental Psychobiology, 54,207-214.
Lavictoire, L., Snyder, J. J., Stoolmiller, M., & Hollenstein, T. (2012). Affective dynamics in triadicpeer interactions in early childhood. Nonlinear Dynamics in Psychology and the Life Sciences, 16,293 – 312.
Lougheed, J. P. & Hollenstein, T. (2012). A limited repertoire of emotion regulation strategies is associated with internalizing problems in adolescence. Social Development, 21, 704 - 721.
Lunkenheimer, E. S., Hollenstein, T., Wang, J., & Shields, A. M. (2012). Flexibility and attractors in context: family emotion socialization patterns and children’s emotion regulation in late childhood. Nonlinear Dynamics in Psychology and the Life Sciences, 16, 269 – 291.
Hollenstein, T. (2011). Twenty years of dynamic systems approaches to development: Significant contributions, challenges, and future directions. Child Development Perspectives, 5,256 - 259.
Lunkenheimer, E.S., Olson, S. L., Hollenstein, T., Sameroff, A., & Winter, C. (2011). Dyadic flexibility and positive affect in parent-child coregulation and the development of children's behavior problems. Development and Psychopathology, 23, 577 - 591.
Erickson, K., Cote, J., Hollenstein, T., & Deakin, J. (2011). Examining coach-athlete interactions using state space grids: An observational analysis in competitive youth sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise.
Flynn, J.J., Hollenstein, T., & Mackey, A.M. (2010). The Effect of Suppressing and Not Accepting Emotions on Depressive Symptoms: Is Suppression Different for Men and Women? Personality and Individual Differences, 49, 582 - 586.
van Straaten, I., Holland, R. W., Finkenhauer, C., Hollenstein, T., & Engels, R. C. M. E. (2009). Gazing behavior during mixed-sex interactions: Sex and attractiveness effects. [Electronic version]. Archives of Sexual Behavior.
Engels, R. C. M. E., Hermans, R., van Baaren, R., Hollenstein, T., & Bot, S. M. (2009). Alcohol Portrayal on Television Affects Actual Drinking Behaviour, Alcohol and Alcoholism, 44, 244-249.
DeRubeis, S. & Hollenstein, T. (2009). Individual Differences in Shame and Depressive Symptoms during Early Adolescence. Personality and Individual Differences, 46, 477-482.
Hollenstein, T. (2007). State space grids: Analyzing dynamics across development. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 31, 384-396.
Hollenstein, T., & Lewis, M. D. (2006). A state space analysis of emotion and flexibility in parent-child interactions. Emotion, 6, 663-669.
Granic, I., & Hollenstein, T. (2006). A survey of dynamic systems methods for developmental psychopathology. In D. Cicchetti (Ed.) Handbook of Development and Psychopathology. New York: Wiley.
Martin, C. L., Fabes, R. A., Hanish, L. D., & Hollenstein, T. (2005). Social dynamics in the preschool. Developmental Review, 25, 299-327.
Hollenstein, T., Granic, I., Stoolmiller, M., & Snyder, J. (2004). Rigidity in parent-child interactions and the development of externalizing and internalizing behavior in early childhood. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 32, 595-607.
Lewis, M.D., Zimmerman, S., Hollenstein, T., & Lamey, A.V. (2004). Reorganization in coping behavior at 1 1/2 Years: Dynamic systems and normative change. Developmental Science, 7, 56-73.
Lamey, A., Hollenstein, T., Lewis, M. D., & Granic, I. (2004). GridWare (Version 1.1). [Computer software]. .
Granic, I., & Hollenstein, T. (2003). Dynamic systems methods for models of developmental psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 15, 641-669.
Granic, I., Hollenstein, T., Dishion, T. J., & Patterson, G. R. (2003). Longitudinal analysis of flexibility and reorganization in early adolescence: A dynamic systems study of family interactions. Developmental Psychology, 39, 606-617.
